Essay on 1776 Book Review 1 - 1153 Words

History 1301 April 1st 2012 McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005, 386 pp. Word Count- 1157 David McCullough’s novel 1776 is a compelling story of America’s war for independence. We have all read chapters and heard the related history of the war of 1776, but David McCullough takes the epic story even further. The book covers the entire year of 1776 from the beginning of the war until the end. The author provides an extremely detailed description of both sides of the conflict both American and British. David McCullough is a renowned author and historian and has twice won the Pulitzer Prize for two of his novels; John Adams and Truman, and with reading 1776 you can see exactly why he is so celebrated. His†¦show more content†¦The King was content on defeating the American rebellion and because of his loyalty to Britain and the crown; there was no one that would change his mind. Several people stood up for America and warned of the consequences if Britain actually lost. The introduction of George Washington and the explanation of how much of an unorganized, unruly bunch of soldiers he was stuck with in the Continental Army was definitely one of the most interesting parts of the book. I realized in reading this, how little I actually knew about Washington. The author describes him in such a way that gives you the understanding of why people were drawn to follow him. Nathaniel Green and Henry Knox were just as important as Washington throughout the war, Knox especially in the in the success of removing the British from Boston. His heroic effort of bring cannons and munitions form Fort Ticonderoga to Boston was a tremendous achievement. It’s hard to imagine the difficulty in successfully being able to achieve something like that. Both Knox and Greene were almost entirely self educated. Knox owned a book store and was married to a woman named Lucy Flucker whose father was royal secretary of the province and even arranged for Knox to be commi ssioned in the British army, but he declined, which to me, showed how incredibly loyal he was to his country .Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Private Yankee Doodle 1006 Words   |  5 Pages6. Reviews: The book was first published by Martin in 1830 with the title A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier, Interspersed with Anecdotes of Incidents That Occurred Within His Own Observation. In 1962, it was republished under the title Private Yankee Doodle, Being a Narrative of some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier. In 2001 it was republished again under the title A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier.Read MoreThe Political Structures And Processes843 Words   |  4 PagesJames Madison, James Monroe, Patrick Henry, George Mason, and John Marshall, to name only the most prominent. Professor Sydnor describes three steps along the pathway to power in colonial and revolutionary Virginia that brought these men to the top: 1. Justice of the Peace: The first public office held by almost all of these men was Justice of the Peace in their home county. This office was quite different from anything in the current age. Each county had from 10 to 30 Justices, who collectively formedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 PagesNatural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. 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To examine whether neoliberal strategy for water is a success or not in those cases Neo-liberalism In 1776, Adam SmithRead MoreBeing American: Liberty, Equality and Republicanism Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesp) was never altered. Being an American today consists of three components: liberty, equality, and republicanism. Liberty has been successfully achieved; however, as Americans we still lack equality. For instance, according to the CIA World Fact Book, â€Å"the U.S. is ranked as the 42nd most unequal country in the world, with a Gini Coefficient of 45† (n.p). Republicanism has never changed because America continues to be a republican nation, not a democracy. I say this because since 1892, The PledgeRead MoreConstitutional Research Paper1011 Words   |  5 PagesIssues A. Role of Government i. John Dickinson approved of the Articles of Confederation since he had signed the document when he was part of Pennsylvania in 1776. When the Articles of Confederation started to fall apart, Dickinson held the Annapolis Convention in 1786. The goal of the Convention was to review the Articles. Many Americans believed that a constitution could not function without the Articles of Confederation. However, Mr. Dickinson thought that theRead MoreWilliam Patterson2283 Words   |  10 Pagesestate. When the War for Independence broke out, Paterson joined the vanguard of the New Jersey patriots. He served in the provincial congress (1775-76), the constitutional convention (1776), legislative council (1776-77), and council of safety (1777). During the last year, he also held a militia commission. From 1776 to 1783 he was attorney general of New Jersey, a task that occupied so much of his time that it prevented him from accepting election to the Continental Congress in 1780. Meantime, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Ramona 1689 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral different aspects: 1. Lifestyle of the members independent of the whites, 2. How they interact with the European whites, and 3. How they lose their land. Within the few pages of the novel, Jackson introduces the Luiseà ±o tribe. Jackson highlights the lifestyle of the group to be lazy, as well as, being Christian, ignorant, and having a farming/herding system for food. She breaks down the lifestyle through three diff erent Luiseà ±o tribe members in the book. 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The Political Socialization Of Adolescent Children Of...

In â€Å"The Political Socialization of Adolescent Children of Immigrants,† Melissa Humphries and Chandra Muller of the University of Texas and Kathryn S. Schiller of the State University of New York perform an intriguing study of the political socialization of the children of immigrants. Their studies clearly show the impracticality of assuming that children of immigrants go through the same political socialization process as third generation whites. Further, they demonstrate that the process of becoming politically active varies among racial groups by measuring the effects of the educational level of the parents, the quality of the child’s schooling, and participation in extracurricular activities. In doing so, the authors inadvertently use overly generalized racial terms to describe diverse ethnicities and show a bias against independent voters (Humphries, Muller, and Schiller 2013, 1268). First, the authors err by grouping all immigrants from 20 Latin American count ries into the general term Latino despite the distinct cultural and political values among those immigrants. For example, Cuban-Americans, the most politically active group of Latinos, have a voting turnout rate of 67.2 percent compared to those of Mexican origin, the least politically active group of Latinos, who have a turnout rate of 42.2 percent (Gonzalez-Barrera and Lopez 2013). Cuban-Americans are thus more politically active than the United States population as a whole while Mexican-Americans are far lessShow MoreRelatedEnglish Language Education : A Means Of Liberation And A Passport From The Gateway Of Prosperity1692 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish language learning is viewed as an opportunity to excel in harsh extraordinary economy and lifestyle through the achievement of self -identity and growth through learning a foreign language. 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Our secret free essay sample

1. What do you make of Our Secret? When I first started to read â€Å"Our Secret,† I didn’t understand the relevance of what was in front of me. I didn’t understand the words she was using, or why she was using little quotes throughout the beginning of her essay. But as I continued reading, I came to understand that she was using quotes to not only relate her story to something else, but to also show the progression in realization that she had throughout the paper. What I also make of this essay is that it was made to put into words what everyone goes through. Obviously the way I experience things is different from Griffin, but the general idea of the way our world is made up is relatively the same. I think that by including different examples and relating them all together, it helped me to understand the reading better. We will write a custom essay sample on Our secret or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. How do you (did you) make something out of Our Secret? You make something out of â€Å"Our Secret† by writing in the margins while reading the essay. I think this would help because it helps you to go back and read the important things so you don’t have to go through the entire essay again. I made something out of it by doing that, but also reading certain sentences that seem important to what she is trying to get across, and it made me think of my own life and think of an example for how that is relevant to me. 3. What was your reading strategy for this essay, and how did it differ (or not) from the reading strategy that you usually employ? For this essay, being so long, I strategized to break it up into sections so that I wouldn’t have to sit forever reading the essay. This also helped me to read one section, and think about it, and then continue later. While going through the essay, I highlighted the things that I thought were important and that I could use later when I was writing my essay. When I saw a common theme to a certain paragraph, I wrote in the margins a point that I could come back to and think about when I needed to. This was different to how I usually read in that I had to break it up into sections because of the length. In all the other texts that I have read I have highlighted important sentences and wrote in the margins, so I didn’t really see a difference in reading strategies. 4. I asked you to read the assignment for Essay Two before you read Our Secret. How did this affect your reading? By doing this, it helped me to read the essay with the idea of the essay that I will have to right in the back of my mind. So, therefore while reading the essay, I looked for the format of what Griffin used, how she used it, and I looked for sentences that I could quote in my essay. I also found myself thinking of ideas for what my essay could be about. I thought that by reading it like this, I would have a better understanding of what I was going to do with my essay. 5. What might Rodriguez (and Freire and Appiah) have to say about this essay? I think that what Freire would say about this essay is that the Banking Concept of education was at play throughout this essay and that in some ways, it hurt the characters. Appiah would say that this essay did a good job of talking about values and identity of the characters that she talked about. There are some examples that she used that talked about the identity that they wanted, but never showed, like the boys who beat the other. Lastly, Rodriquez I think would disagree with this essay because he Griffin seems to have a different approach on life, other than Rodriquez who thought that his story what everyone else’s. Even thought Griffin does bring in things that make you think that her story is everyone’s story, that is not the case because she thinks that everyone has their own stories. 6. What do you make of the title? I think the title fits the essay well because I got the impressions that the essay was talking about how everyone has secrets, and she uses examples of some of them. She also brings in the emotion with secrets because she talks  about how people don’t want to tell others about their secrets, but when they do, they feel uncomfortable and vulnerable. I also like the title because she talks about the events and hardships that these people go through due to their secrets. 7. Answer the following in a few words: what is this essay about? This essay is about showing an individual’s life â€Å"makeup.† 8. Answer the following in a few words as well: what are Griffins methods? Her methods were comparison, examples, and realization. 9. In the essay, Griffin writes: The telling and the hearing of a story is not a simple act. How does Our Secret (and your experience with it so far) enact thisor not?  I think that Griffin’s essay does enact this because throughout her essay, she tells the story of different people and the things they have to go through, but then she hears what they are saying, and relates it back to herself, and almost has a realization of her own life. The way she said things seemed to be complex and very insightful, and by saying this, I think that it wasn’t a simple act. I think that I still need to go back through this essay and re-read the essay to get a better understanding of what is trying to be said. The first time, I think I got the main ideas down

The war in Afghanistan

Introduction Whenever the name Afghanistan comes up in a news item, print or electronic, stories of war always follow with notoriety. Audiences across the world normally brace themselves for news of suicide bombings, shootings, and drone attacks. The intensity and duration of the war in Afghanistan has made people all over the world accustomed to the attendant carnage (Goodson, 2001). Should this be so? The aim of this paper is to look into the contextual issues surrounding the war in Afghanistan.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The war in Afghanistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By looking at these issues, it will be possible to uncover the critical issues that have caused Afghanistan to remain in a state of perpetual war since time immemorial. Is there any justification for the current war playing out in Afghanistan? What historical factors caused its outbreak and what contemporary issues fuel its perpetuation? This war remains a very significant contemporary issue that warrants a critical examination. Description of the War in Afghanistan The Parties To The War War is a complex enterprise. Wherever there is a war, there is always an intricate web of interests. Wars bring together parties whose conflicts surpass the threshold for resolution leading to the picking up of arms in order to inflict pain and to suppress the will of opponents (Gagliardi Tzu, 2005). The war in Afghanistan is not an exception. In fact, it is a contemporary case study in just how intricate the webs of interest fuel war. All wars require a trigger. The trigger is not normally the real reason for the war, but the last thread of restraint. The trigger for the current war in Afghanistan was the September 11 attacks in the United States in the year 2001. This attack, blamed on the Al Qaeda terror network, invited the wrath of the United States and soon opened up Afghanistan to a full-scale war (Fiscus, 200 4). The United States rallied other NATO countries to fight the Taliban regime, which played host to Osama Bin Laden who was the Al Qaeda leader. This was not the first time the United States had a significant role to play in the historical wars in Afghanistan. During the cold war, United States operatives were deeply involved in the prevailing war against Soviet operatives. In the prevailing war, it is a major party. The Taliban, a radical Islam regime, remains a central player in the current war in Afghanistan. This regime implemented a very strict version of Sharia law that among other things banned women from attending school after attaining the age of eight, and banned women from walking the streets alone without the company of a male relative (Fiscus, 2004). The Taliban allied forces deposed the Taliban from Kabul early in the war but they still plan and execute attacks against government and NATO positions. They are an important party to the war in AfghanistanAdvertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third party to this war is the Afghan government, under the leadership of President Hamid Karzai. Karzai took power early in the war through consensus and was re-elected subsequently. The Afghan government remains in a tight position because of the presence of international forces in the country, and the perpetual threat from the Taliban and other fighting tribes. This government is the internationally recognized legitimate authority in Afghanistan. Hence, it holds a very important place in the war. Other parties to this was include Pakistan which shares a large border with Afghanistan, and the United Nations that still tries to provide direction to the situation to help bring about the peace that the country direly needs. Apart from these players, there are also other players such as humanitarian organizations including Oxfam and the Red Crescent, the mili tary industrial complex providing supplies for the war, and the Afghan people. Historical and Contemporary Causes of the War in Afghanistan The Regimes in Afghanistan Since Independence Afghanistan has played host to so many wars since the times of Alexander the great. The prelude to the current war goes back to the three Anglo-Afghan wars fought between 1839 and 1919. The modern Afghan state emerged at the end of the First World War as an independent country and started out on its career civil wars with interludes of revolutionary rule occasioned by extremism. In 1919, Amanullah khan took over the leadership of the country, which had just received international recognition as an independent nation (Goodson, 2001). In ten years time, a civil war broke out forcing Amanullah to exile. This war came about because Amanullah alienated the old guard in his term of leadership and seemed to warm too much to European powers. This went against the Afghan tradition of fierce rejection of exter nal interference. Amanullah’s cousin, Nadir Khan, managed to restore order but also died from an assassin’s bullet in 1933. His son, Zahir Shah took over power at the age of nineteen and ruled for the next forty years. Together with the Prime Minister, Daud Khan, Zahir managed to maintain a non-aligned stance as a nation during the Second World War and in the end he reaped many rewards from both sides of the cold war. The Americans and the Russians competed for Afghans attention and used the country as a place to show their might. While this worked out well at that moment, it planted the seeds for future wars in a country that knew more about war in its long history, than any other thing (Goodson, 2001). However, differences between Zahir and Daud caused Daud to resign. He came back to power through a military coup a few years later and started on reforms. His reforms attracted the anger of some leftwing members of the military who then organized for his assassination. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The war in Afghanistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A new regime, led by Nur Muhammad Taraki took power and began a rapid process of reform along communist lines, which ended up in disaster. The country lost cohesion and the USSR, which by then had amassed troops in the country, found itself in a situation where it had to play a very active role in the internal issues of Afghanistan. The imposition of puppet leaders did not help, and the consequence was the Soviet war in Afghanistan that lasted ten years, from 1979. Towards the end of this period, America began providing arms for the Mujahedeen in their resistance against Soviet occupation. In 1989, the USSR completed the phased withdrawal of its armies from Afghanistan leaving the country to its internal forces. The reigning leader, Mohammad Najibullah retained power for another three years but eventually the Mujahe deen ousted him. He went to the relative safety of the UN compound in Kabul. While the Mujahedeen ruled Afghanistan in its factious ways, a new force emerged that remains a significant party to the current war in Afghanistan. A Mullah, named Mohammad Omar Akhund, formed a group called the Taliban. Mullah Omar brought together students from various Madrassa and armed them in an effort to rid the country of corruption that became rife under warlord rule of the Mujahedeen. By 1996, most of Afghanistan was under Taliban rule. They provided a base for Al Qaeda to operate and this is what brought about their earmarking for international intervention after the September 11 bombings. The Afghani Society The events in Afghanistan since its independence provide the ingredients for the current war. One of them is tribalism (Goodson, 2001). The Afghan society remains divided along tribal lines. While Islam is the undisputed religious force, the groupings such as the Mujahedeen, the Taliban, and the Northern Alliance have a distinctive tribal face. This nature of the nation’s face predisposed it to the current war. Secondly, the perpetual interference in the internal affairs of the country due to its strategic geographical position in south and central Asia also helped to bring about the conditions for the current war. Afghanistan since time immemorial attracted kings, rulers, and empires seeking to control the geopolitical forces of South and central Asia. The British, the Russians, and now the Americans have had a stab at war in the country in the modern era.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third major cause of the current war is international terror. September 11 was a crescendo in the rising threat of international terror. The Bush administration identified Afghanistan as the frontline in the fight against terrorism since the Al Qaeda terror network operated from there. Another cause of war is the long period of instability since the country’s independence. While the country has enjoyed certain periods of relative calm and consistent leadership, its leadership transitions have been violent and have led to radical ideological changes. Analysis of the Different Historical Interpretations of the War There are at least four ways of looking at the war in Afghanistan from a historical perspective. The first perspective is that the war is a fight for freedom from foreign occupation. The second one is that the war is ideological, a struggle between western ideals of democracy versus the eastern communist agenda. The third view is that the war is a religious war, a gainst infidels. In the modern military view, it is an international war against terror. Fighting for Freedom The Afghanis fought three wars against the British. Each time it was in response to diplomatic disputes caused by the tense relations between the Russians and the British (Page, 2003). In these cases, the Afghanis were fighting to stamp their authority in their territory in order to be free from foreign interests in the country. This theme repeats itself with the assassination of Daud because he seemed to lean too closely to the European agenda for the country. In the recent past, the war against the Soviets lead by the Mujahedeen came about as a response to Soviet occupation of the country. In the prevailing war, the Taliban justify their actions as an effort rid the country of foreign occupation led by the United States. They continue to bomb NATO positions as a means towards frustrating the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. Ideological War Whe n we look at the war from an ideological view, it appears to be a war geared towards the promotion of democracy and liberty. These are western ideals. The Afghanis traditionally did not have democratically elected leaders. They had royal families from where they drew their leadership. While this model also had traditional problems, the war currently has been about democratizing Afghanistan because there is widespread belief that a democratic country is inherently more stable than any other form of government. As a country that experimented with socialism in a region that is home to the two leading communist lights, China and Russia, the West is keen to implement a democratic agenda for the country so that the global influence of communism remains under check. Religious War It is impossible to separate religion from this war. At least, this is the perspective of the Taliban and their sympathizers. According to them, this war is about the will of Allah, and ridding the country of infi dels who have occupied it. The stated vision for Al Qaeda is the destruction of the United States. Their motivation is not just rivalry or jealous, but a self-assigned divine duty for which many of its members are willing to give their lives. In Afghanistan, Islam is a basic part of the national identity. In its many names ascribed over the last century, most include a reference to Islam. Patriots in that country essentially fight for Islamic ideals. War on Terror In the international stage, the war in Afghanistan is simply one of the frontlines in the international war against terror. This war includes the efforts in Iraq, Libya, and Northern Pakistan. This is the popular international view of the war based on the stance popularized by President Bush after the September 11 attacks. All these perspectives remain justified depending on the viewpoint of the person who subscribes to it. To the Taliban, they are doing the work of God to rid the land of the foreign infidels. To the natio nal psyche of the Afghanis, the war is about getting their country back from foreign occupation and ridding it of social ills. To the International community, this war is about the getting rid of terrorism threat that groups such as the Al Qaeda network portends. Evaluation of the Outcomes of the War The outcomes of this war span several aspects and have ramifications at both the local and international level. The four key aspects of these outcomes include the social outcomes, the political outcomes, the economic outcomes, and the technological outcomes. Social Outcomes In the social sphere, the war has made possible the restoration of some civilian liberties such as the right to attend school by women. However, many problems attend to the social life of ordinary Afghanis because of the war. They live in a perpetual state of fear from both the Taliban and the international forces present in their soil. Civilian casualties from the war are a sore point in the war. Both sides have had their share in maiming and killing innocent citizens. The war has led to the breaking down of healthcare services, education, and community development. Malnutrition and high infant mortality are serious concerns. These services heavily rely on the assistance of international organizations. In addition, trading in narcotics has increased internationally since there is no proper way to police the poppy growing in Afghanistan that provides better rewards for farmers compared to conventional crops. This also has led to the increase in the number of drug addicts among the Afghani youth. The lack of jobs and low skills level leave many youths vulnerable and are easy targets for radicalization (Page, 2003). Mullah Omar took advantage of this in the nineties hence it is a proven threat. Political Outcomes Politically, the key outcome is that Afghanistan is now a fledgling democratic state, which should have more stability in the end, compared to the previous modes of governance in the cou ntry. This will induce greater regional stability by counterbalancing the communist forces in the region. The key bottleneck to this process is that historically, Afghanis have not had this kind of government, which can pose a threat to the sustainability of the model. The emergence of an Islamic Democratic state puts two tense ideological stances in the same spot (Fiscus, 2004). The swing from radical Islam under the Taliban to a fully functional democracy will remain a work in progress for a number of years. It is very expensive for other countries to operate consulates in Afghanistan because of the security issues. This limits Afghanistan’s ability to engage with the international community. In fact, it weakens the position of the Karzai government especially in the eyes of local radicals who believe that their country lacks all form of sovereign control. Economic Consequences The most devastating consequences of this war probably lie in the economy of the country. War alw ays slows down economic growth if not out rightly reversing it (Page, 2003). Roads, bridges, and other vital communication facilities fall to disrepair and new ones cannot come online. The existing ones face destruction from bombs and have to carry heavy armored vehicles, which further destroy them. On the positive side, Afghanistan has received vast sums of development assistance and corresponding international attention, which may promote its development faster than if it was on its own. With the international attention, Afghanistan can quickly rise from the ashes of war as a strong brand provided they take advantage of the opportunities the war has left (Harvard Business School, 2005). Military bases in the country will remain after the foreign troops leave. These can become schools and offices, freeing up the resources the country may have used to construct them. Technological Outcomes The war in Afghanistan has led to technological developments in military technology. Arguably, there has been more drone attacks in Afghanistan than in any other one place. Drones are a new addition to military warfare, which until a few years back, were experimental technologies. The war has made possible the improvement of precision guided weapons thus helping to reduce civilian casualties and the extent of infrastructural damage from bombs. Previously, it was necessary to utilize a lot of explosive power to attack targets to account for imprecision. This ended up producing a lot of infrastructural damage and a high number of casualties. In other fronts such as communication, the military and international organizations have installed new and robust communication networks that will provide the country with the basis of a robust communication network. Leveraging on these developments is the best strategy for Afghanistan as it struggles to emerge from the ashes of war. References Fiscus, J. W. (2004). America’s War in Afghanistan. New York NY: Rosen Publishing. Gaglia rdi, G., Tzu, S. (2005). The Art of War Plus the Art of Management: Strategy for Leadership. Seattle, WA: Science of Strategy: Clearbridge Publishing. Goodson, L. P. (2001). Afghanistan’s Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. Washington DC: University of Washington Press. Harvard Business School. (2005). Strategy: Create and Implement the Best Strategy for Your Business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Page, M. E. (2003). Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encylopeadia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. This research paper on The war in Afghanistan was written and submitted by user Ryker Mcknight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.